Estudio mecanicista sobre el uso del “ADBAC” (n-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride) como Biocida para la Salud Humana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64784/286Palabras clave:
ADBAC; benzalkonium chloride; biocida; antimicrobiano; bactericida; fungicida; viricida; mecanismo de acción; amonio cuaternario; Biosemiómica Clínica Aplicada; Sistema ATDM.Resumen
El n-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ADBAC) es un compuesto de amonio cuaternario catiónico y anfifílico con actividad biocida frente a diversos microorganismos. Objetivo: desarrollar un modelo mecanicista que integre su actividad antimicrobiana, espectro de acción y potenciales escenarios de aplicación en salud humana, veterinaria, alimentos y superficies. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, mecanicista y propositivo mediante integración de evidencia científica con DOI verificable, analizando estructura química, microorganismo susceptible, mecanismo molecular, concentración, tiempo de contacto, matriz de exposición y relación eficacia–seguridad. Resultados: el modelo identificó una secuencia común: ADBAC → adsorción sobre el microorganismo → interacción electrostática e hidrofóbica → alteración de membranas o envolturas → pérdida de homeostasis o infectividad → reducción de viabilidad microbiana. La actividad bactericida comprende bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas, aunque puede modificarse por biofilm, bombas de eflujo y adaptación. La actividad fungicida mostró diferencias entre levaduras, formas vegetativas, dermatofitos, conidios y esporas. La actividad viricida fue mayormente consistente frente a virus envueltos, mientras los no envueltos mostraron susceptibilidad variable y dependiente de concentración. Las aplicaciones tópicas, sobre superficies y como biocida poseen mayor sustento, mientras las vías oral y nebulizada permanecen experimentales. Conclusiones: se propone una ventana biocida de eficacia–seguridad, determinada por concentración, tiempo, microorganismo, matriz y susceptibilidad del huésped. El modelo proporciona una base para investigaciones destinadas a cuantificar eficacia antimicrobiana, compatibilidad tisular y potenciales aplicaciones del ADBAC en salud humana y veterinaria.
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