Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Functional Recovery in Complex Craniofacial Trauma: Integrating Orbital Protection, Airway Management, and Sensory Rehabilitation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64784/346Palabras clave:
complex craniofacial trauma, three-dimensional reconstruction, orbital reconstruction, patient-specific implants, ocular protection, airway management, naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures, olfactory dysfunction, sensory rehabilitation, multidisciplinary managementResumen
Complex craniofacial trauma represents a major reconstructive challenge because skeletal disruption may coexist with ocular injury, airway compromise, sinonasal dysfunction, and sensory deficits. This study analyzed current evidence regarding the integration of three-dimensional reconstruction, ocular protection, airway management, and sensory rehabilitation in patients with complex craniofacial injuries. A structured integrative review based on the Scientific Method was conducted using contemporary literature focused on virtual surgical planning, patient-specific implants, orbital reconstruction, naso-orbito-ethmoidal trauma, airway stabilization, and post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. The findings showed that patient-specific orbital reconstruction was associated with smaller postoperative orbital volume discrepancies and lower residual enophthalmos compared with conventional techniques, although pooled analyses did not consistently demonstrate statistically significant superiority. Three-dimensional-assisted orbital reconstruction was also associated with marked postoperative reductions in diplopia and enophthalmos. In naso-orbito-ethmoidal trauma, nasolacrimal obstruction, epiphora, and telecanthus remained relevant postoperative complications despite surgical stabilization. Airway management required individualized strategies adapted to the severity and anatomical distribution of facial trauma, while olfactory training produced clinically significant improvement in a subset of patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. Overall, the evidence indicates that anatomical accuracy alone is insufficient to define reconstructive success. Comprehensive management should integrate skeletal restoration with visual preservation, airway recovery, sinonasal function, and sensory rehabilitation. Multidisciplinary coordination and standardized long-term functional outcomes are essential to improve the evaluation and treatment of patients with complex craniofacial trauma.
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