Robotic-Assisted Techniques in Minimally Invasive General Surgery: Global Evidence and Latin American Perspectives

Resumen

Robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery has emerged as a transformative advancement in general surgery, combining enhanced precision, stability, and visualization to optimize clinical outcomes. This review analyzes twenty international studies published between 2021 and 2025, integrating data from Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and training models associated with robotic-assisted procedures. Using a methodological framework based on the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), the study identifies the strengths and limitations of robotic systems in procedures such as hernia repair, cholecystectomy, fundoplication, bariatric, pancreatic, adrenal, and esophageal surgeries. Results indicate that robotic-assisted techniques offer superior ergonomics, lower complication rates, and shorter hospital stays compared with conventional laparoscopic and open surgery, despite slightly longer operative times and higher direct costs. However, long-term economic analyses suggest that these costs are offset by decreased morbidity, improved recovery, and better institutional efficiency. In Latin America, the progressive incorporation of robotics, supported by structured academic programs and regional cooperation, demonstrates that equitable technological adoption is achievable even in middle-income countries. The study concludes that robotic-assisted general surgery represents not only a technological innovation but also a strategic step toward value-based, patient-centered, and globally accessible healthcare.